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In many materials where electrons interact intensely, charge transport does not follow the familiar patterns of ordinary metals. Researchers observe a resistivity that grows linearly with temperature over wide ranges, and a lack of a clear quasiparticle signature in spectroscopic measurements. This departure from Landau’s Fermi liquid paradigm signals the influence of collective fluctuations and entangled many-body states. The precise origin of these “strange metal” properties remains debated, but several classes of theories point toward quantum criticality, marginal Fermi liquids, or holographic dualities as possible explanations. Studying these systems can illuminate how electrons organize themselves when mutual repulsion and quantum correlations dominate.

Experimental platforms offering clean access to strong correlations include certain transition metal oxides, heavy fermion compounds, and layered copper-oxide materials. In these systems, tuning parameters such as pressure, chemical composition, or magnetic field can move the material toward or away from a putative quantum critical point. Measurements across a broad energy window—ranging from gigahertz to electron volts—reveal coherent but unconventional electronic responses. The resulting data challenge simple models and motivate the development of frameworks that emphasize emergent collective behavior, nonlocal interactions, and the breakdown of conventional particle pictures at finite temperatures.

A central thread in the discourse is the role of strong correlations in reshaping the electron’s effective mass, lifetime, and mobility. In the strange metal regime, the spectral weight can broaden dramatically, and the self-energy acquires unusual frequency dependence. Theoretical treatments often implement dynamical mean-field ideas to capture local fluctuations, while noting that spatial correlations may also play a critical role. By combining high-precision transport with angle-resolved photoemission data, researchers aim to connect the dots between scattering rates, entropy production, and the emergence of incoherent charge dynamics. This synthesis helps identify universal features that persist across materials with different microscopic ingredients.

Another important aspect is the influence of quantum critical fluctuations, which can persist over a broad temperature range and modify both charge and spin dynamics. Near a critical point, the system experiences enhanced scattering and reduced quasiparticle lifetimes, producing anomalous power laws that diverge from conventional predictions. Theoretical models often invoke critical scaling theory, extended hydrodynamics, or AdS/CFT-inspired approaches to capture the nonperturbative nature of these fluctuations. Experimentally, one looks for scaling collapse in transport coefficients, specific heat, and magnetic susceptibility, indicating a shared underlying mechanism rather than material-specific peculiarities.

In heavy fermion systems, tiny changes in pressure can dramatically alter the electronic ground state, sometimes triggering a transition from a conventional metal to a strange metal phase. Here, localized f-electrons hybridize with conduction electrons, creating heavy quasiparticles with enhanced effective mass. Yet as correlations intensify, the system may shed the quasiparticle description, entering a regime where resistivity and optical response defy standard theories. Researchers exploit quantum oscillations and neutron scattering to map the evolving Fermi surface and magnetic fluctuations. The goal is to determine whether strange metal behavior is a generic consequence of criticality or a distinctive signature of particular lattice geometries and orbital multiplicities.

Theoretical advances emphasize the importance of nonperturbative techniques and numerical simulations. Exact diagonalization, density matrix renormalization group, and tensor network methods help probe small clusters where strong interactions dominate. While finite-size effects pose challenges, these approaches reveal how incoherent transport arises from incoherent spectral features and how nonlocal correlations reshape effective interactions. Complementary coarse-grained models explore how local moments communicate through itinerant electrons, producing emergent collective modes that act as scattering centers. The convergence of numerical insight with experimental trends strengthens the case for universal mechanisms behind strange metal phenomena.

A key outcome across studies is the recognition that strange metal behavior may not require a singular microscopic origin. Instead, multiple routes can lead to similar macroscopic signatures, such as linear-in-temperature resistivity and anomalous energy scaling. This pluralism does not undermine universality; rather, it reflects the richness of strongly correlated matter where different microscopic paths converge on shared collective dynamics. In this view, the focus shifts from identifying a unique mechanism to mapping the landscape of possible critical regimes and their transport fingerprints. Such an approach fosters cross-pollination among materials families, experimental probes, and theoretical frameworks.

A complementary perspective highlights the role of dimensionality and topology. Reduced dimensional systems amplify fluctuations and can stabilize non-Fermi liquid states more readily. Conversely, higher-dimensional networks may support more coherent quasiparticles, yet still exhibit strange metal traits under intense correlations. Topological aspects, including protected edge states and unconventional excitations, can modify scattering channels and energy dissipation. By exploring these nuances, researchers hope to uncover robust criteria that signal strange metal behavior beyond specific chemical compositions, enabling predictions for new materials with tailored electronic properties.

Transport measurements remain at the core, offering practical indicators of nontraditional metallicity. A linear temperature dependence of resistivity over wide ranges, unusual Hall responses, and unconventional magnetoresistance patterns often accompany strange metal phases. Optical conductivity can reveal suppressed Drude peaks and broader mid-infrared features, reflecting enhanced scattering and incoherent carrier dynamics. Thermodynamic probes, including specific heat and entropy, may show deviations from standard electron gas behavior, pointing to pervasive fluctuations. Taken together, these signatures form a cohesive, if intricate, phenomenology that researchers use to classify and compare disparate materials.

Complementary spectroscopic and scattering techniques provide microscopic context. Photoemission experiments trace the evolution of the electronic structure, including renormalized band dispersions and suppressed quasiparticle peaks. Inelastic neutron and resonant inelastic X-ray scattering uncover emergent collective modes and spin-charge intertwined dynamics. Scanning tunneling microscopy reveals spatial inhomogeneities that can influence transport by creating locally varying scattering environments. By assembling a multi-probe picture, scientists can test whether observed anomalies arise from intrinsic many-body effects or extrinsic disorder and sample quality.

The ultimate objective is to formulate a robust, predictive framework that captures the essential physics of strange metals while remaining adaptable to different material classes. This entails identifying scaling relations, parametric dependencies, and universality classes that organize the observed phenomena. A successful theory should explain why certain materials exhibit linear resistivity, how the entropy changes with temperature, and what governs the lifetime of excitations across diverse systems. A practical byproduct would be guidelines for engineering materials with tailored transport properties, enabling innovations in electronics, energy, and quantum information technologies.

Progress will likely arise from a synthesis of experimental ingenuity and theoretical creativity. Hybrid perspectives that blend traditional many-body physics with ideas from holography, quantum information, and nonlocal field theories may illuminate how strong correlations reorganize the electron landscape. As new materials are synthesized and experimental resolutions improve, the strange metal paradigm could evolve from a collection of peculiar observations into a unifying principle describing a broad class of strongly correlated conductors. In this journey, curiosity and careful cross-validation across platforms remain indispensable.